Two theories that are often referred to are Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Frederick Herzberg’s Dual Structure Theory.
Maslow’s Classic Hierarchy of Needs
- Self actualization
Need to do the work we like
- Esteem
Need to feel worthy and respected
- Social
Need for love, to be a member of a group
- Safety
Need to feel safe and secure
- Survival
Need to stay alive: to breathe, to eat, to drink, to sleep, to reproduce
Herzberg’s Motivational versus Maintenance (or Hygiene) Factors
Motivational Factors
- Interesting, challenging work
- Good use of one’s capabilities
- Opportunity to do something meaningful
- Involvement in decision making
- Recognition for achievement
- Access to information
- Sense of importance to organization
Maintenance Factors
- Congenial people to work with
- Good working conditions
- Pensions
- Paid insurance
- Job security
- Vacations and holidays
- Good pay
- Job titles
